Plato"history of philosopy is but a series of foot notes to plato."
- Alfred North Whitehead -
○ his achievement : exploration of the process of inquiry, philosophical dialectic
○ His positions :
- in Republic : addresses the nature of justice
presupose the view of art as techne(employment of the best means to produce desirable ends)
- in Ion : complete and self-explanatory.
- in Symposium : in this concept the major question is of the nature of love,
○ addressed better education than traditional one : gymnastic for the body, music for the soul and their order(book II)
○ warning to avoid imitation : against goods or art that only imitates its appearance using mirror(book X)
1. god(the only creator)
2. carpenter(first descendant of imitation)
3. painter(second descendant of imitation)
○ art : imitation of nature
Aristole : Plato's student.
: most influential philosopher for his science.
○ mimetic theory, mimesis
○ concerned with reality : to describe, not the thing that has happened, but a kind of thing that might happen
○ values of imitation : benefits of the kinds of emotional gratifications from poetry.
○ gave important questions considering nonrepresentational art of twentieth century
○ explores the nature of art as production
David Hume : the most prominent spokesman for empiricism(based on experience).
○ all knowledge comes from experience but that experience offers no unassailable foundation for knowledge
○ causation can only be understood as constant conjunction, linking of events in the mind based on its past experience.
○ morality is founded on internal principle of sympathy and sentiments toward others.
○ his postion : reliance on mechanisms internal to the mind and a skepticism toward the foundations underlying experience
○ Taste : the primary notion, for there is no authority beyond taste for the evaluation of works of art.
○ offered psychologistic analysis, offers no foundation for a theory of art.
○ posed centeral problem of the philosophy of art,
- any theory can do more than describe the workings of the human mind when confronted with works of beauty and power.
Immanuel Kant
○ Critique of judgment : most important and influential work in aesthetic theory.
easy
○ Hume : concerned the necessity in scientific understanding or morality
but synthetic resolution of the central problems of modern philosophy
○ there are fundamental principles in the human mind that constitute its cognitive powers, that enable it to synthesize its manifold experiences into unity. space and time are forms under which we must experience our surroundings in order to experience them at all.
○ Critique of Pure Reason : analysis of the principles that define the concepts whereby we can experience and understand the world surround us.(understanding under causal necessity)
○ Critique of Practical Reason : define the concepts of moral obligation and duty.(reason under the concept of freedom)
○ nature of art : falls under the concepts of necessity or freedom, denies that art is a form of understanding or morality.
○ uniqueness, autonomy of art by nenying that aesthetic judgement and taset are objective.
○ judgements of beauty must be universal, shareable by everyone who posseses good taste.
○ view of the beautiful : the symbol of the good
○ conception of the aesthetic as the free play of imagination
○ delight in the beauriful and sublime is a delight in the cognitive faculties of imagination and judgement freed from their subservience to reason and the understanding - that is freed from the constraints of propositional discourse
--> influenced Schelling and Hegel
G.W.F. Hegel
○ giant among Kant's immediate followers
○ the notion in kant that the principles of rationality and understanding are found within the nature of consciousness itself are conjoined in Hegel with the principle of freedom as the giving of law to oneself.
○ conception of history as a progression in consciousness, from consciousness to self-consciousness and then to self consciousness of self-consciousness. the giving of law reflextively to oneself as lawgiver.
○ process of developmenet on consciousness : dialectical, opposion moments, conflicting principles, reconciled in a synthesis which supersedes each monment, only to undergo conflict itself and subsequent supersession.
○ the fulfillment of the process is consciousness aware of itself as free cause of itself
○ Absolute Spirit, Absolute Idea, realizable only throughits own history, universal in the concrete.
○ View of art : based and limited on sensuous medium, self-consciousness.
- throught classical period is the highest period of art because whole universe was most completely realized in sensuous form.
Friedrich Nietzsche : made tradition devoted to the search for epistemological foundation.
○ there're many truths, since they're historical products.
○ values are created, not found in nature.
○ the creation is successful only by acknowledge both our own role as source of value and limitation of our understanding due to historical and social condition.
○ polarities : order and passion(defective without the other)
○ tragedy requires their integration and it's supreme achievement of mankind.
Nelson Goodman : Language of Art
○ art functions symbolically, cognitively
○ art is cognitive as science
○ emotions function cognitively in art
○ claims cognitive authority for art and weakens the unique cognitive authority of science
Martin Heidegger : his book 'Being and Time' defines ontological difference, ○ approaches it within the context of human experience and being.
○ Beings can be only if there is a meeting place between Being and human being.
- meeting place : Appropriation, Framework, Clearing
○ Art takes us into the Clearing in which the conditions of thought and being can be interrogated in new ways, in which things are